1,4-butanediol Information
1,4-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. This colorless viscous liquid is derived from butane by placement of alcohol groups at each end of the chain. It is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.
Contents
|
Synthesis
In its industrial synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form 1,4-butynediol, also known as but-2-yne-1,4-diol. This type of acetylene-based process is illustrative of what is known as "Reppe chemistry", after German chemist Walter Reppe. Hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol gives 1,4-butanediol.
LyondellBasell manufactures 1,4-butanediol in a proprietary, multi-step process without the use of acetylene. First, propylene oxide is converted to allyl alcohol. The allyl alcohol is then hydroformylated to 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde. Hydrogenation of the 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde yields 1,4-butanediol.[4]
It is also manufactured on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated. Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.[5]
Genomatica (a San Diego-based company) has genetically engineered E. coli to metabolize sugar into 1,4-butanediol. They expect to build and begin operating a pilot plant by the end of 2009. Genomatica CEO Christopher Gann said the process consumes 32,000 BTU per pound of 1,4-butanediol (75 MJ/kg), far less than the acetylene-based process, and does not have any by-products.[6][7]
Industrial use
1,4-Butanediol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. In organic chemistry, 1,4-butanediol is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL). In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, it dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran.[8] At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.[9]
World production of 1,4-butanediol is about one million metric tons per year and market price is about 2,000 USD (1,600 EUR) per ton (2005). Almost half of it is dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran to make fibers such as Spandex.[10] The largest producer is BASF.[11]
Health effects and use as a drug
FDA warning against products containing GHB and its prodrugs, such as 1,4-Butanediol.It is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O". It exerts effects similar to γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a metabolic product of 1,4-butanediol.[12][13]
Anecdotal reports indicate that 1,4-butanediol produces a strong toxic feeling not present with GHB when ingested.[14] These reports also indicate that it may cause damage to the liver as well as to other vital organs.[15] Abuse has also resulted in addiction and death.[16][17][18]
Pharmacokinetics
1,4-Butanediol is converted into GHB by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users.[19] Because these enzymes are also responsible for metabolizing alcohol there is a strong chance of a dangerous drug interaction.[19][20] Emergency room patients who overdose on both alcohol and 1,4-butanediol often present with symptoms of ethanol intoxication initially and as the ethanol is metabolized the 1,4-butanediol is then able to better compete for the enzyme and a second period of intoxication ensues as the 1,4-butanediol is converted into GHB.[19]
Metabolic pathway of 1,4-butanediol, γ-butyrolactone and γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).Pharmacodynamics
1,4-Butanediol seems to have two types of pharmacological actions. The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-butanediol are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is some evidence that 1,4-butanediol may have inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects that are not due to this conversion.[20]
Like GHB, 1,4 is only safe in small amounts, usually between 1cc to 1.5 cc. Adverse effects in higher doses include, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts. Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.
Legality
While 1,4-butanediol is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, a number of states have classified 1,4-butanediol as a controlled substance. Additionally, individuals have been prosecuted for 1,4-butanediol under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB.[21] A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4-butanediol could not be considered an analogue of GHB under federal law[22]. Scheduling of 1,4-butanediol on a federal level may be unlikely considering its legitimate industrial applications.
2007 contamination of Bindeez toy
See also: BindeezA toy called "Bindeez" ("Aqua Dots" in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of 1,4-butanediol. The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other by sprinkling water. 1,4-Butanediol was detected by GC-MS.[23] The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic 1,5-pentanediol with 1,4-butanediol. ChemNet China listed the price of 1,4 butanediol at between about US$1,350–2,800 per metric ton, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700 per metric ton.[24]
References
- ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-190. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .
- ^ a b 1,4-Butanediol, International Chemical Safety Card 1104, Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, March 1999, http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1104.htm .
- ^ HSNO Chemical Classification Information Database, New Zealand Environmental Risk Management Authority, http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/Chemicals/ChemicalDisplay.aspx?SubstanceID=12911, retrieved 2009-08-29 .
- ^ ACS Patent Watch - December 7, 2009, The American Chemical Society
- ^ Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 3rd edition, 2011, ISBN 978-0-9522674-3-0, page 1517
- ^ Ritch, Emma (16 September 2008), Genomatica develops novel bioplastic, Cleantech Group, archived from the original on 2009-05-14, http://www.webcitation.org/5gm6ydrnf, retrieved 2009-05-12 .
- ^ Sahler, Jason (22 September 2008), Scientists develop plastic-producing bacteria, Inhabit.com, archived from the original on 2009-05-30, http://www.webcitation.org/5hAFnnoxO, retrieved 2009-05-28 .
- ^ Karas, L.; Piel, W. J. (2004), "Ethers", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley .
- ^ Zhao, Jing; Hartwig, John F. (2005), "Acceptorless, neat, ruthenium-catalyzed dehydrogenative cyclization of diols to lactones", Organometallics 24 (10): 2441–46, doi:10.1021/om048983m
- ^ "Butanediol (price and demand in market)", Chemical Week, 12 April 2006, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15012128_ITM, retrieved 2008-11-21 .
- ^ "Malaysia: New 1,4-butanediol plant used below capacity", Asian Textile Business, April 2004, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5358/is_200404/ai_n21348316, retrieved 2008-11-21 .
- ^ Satta, Rosalba; Dimitrijevic, Nikola; Manev, Hari (2003), "Drosophila metabolize 1,4-butanediol into γ-hydroxybutyric acid in vivo", Eur. J. Pharmacol. 473 (2–3): 149–52, doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01993-9, PMID 12892832 .
- ^ Carai, Maurio A. M.; Colombo, Giancarlo; Reali, Roberta; Serra, Salvatore; Mocci, Ignazia; Castelli, M. Paola; Cignarella, Giorgio; Gessa, Gian Luigi (2002), "Central effects of 1,4-butanediol are mediated by GABAB receptors via its conversion into γ-hydroxybutyric acid", Eur. J. Pharmacol. 441 (3): 157–63, doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01502-9, PMID 12063087 .
- ^ Itsuoda (29 November 2003), Nasty Headache: 1,4 BD, GBL & 5-MeO-DiPT, Erowid, http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=13226, retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ Andro (19 June 2009), 1,4-Butanediol Toxicity?, Erowid, http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=1929, retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ Zvosec, Deborah L.; Smith, Stephan W.; McCutcheon, J. Rod; Spillane, Joe; Hall, Bradley J.; Peacock, Elizabeth A. (2001), "Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol", New Engl. J. Med. 344 (2): 87–94, doi:10.1056/NEJM200101113440202, PMID 11150358 .
- ^ Anonymous (20 January 2002), 1,4-B is Not a Toy, Erowid, http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=10082, retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ Elizabeth (24 June 2001), Definitely addictive: 1,4-Butanediol, Erowid, http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=3317, retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ a b c Benzer, Theodore I.; Cameron, Scott; Russi, Christopher Scott (8 January 2007), Toxicity, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate, eMedicine, http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic848.htm, retrieved 2009-08-29 .
- ^ a b Poldrugo, Flavio; Snead, O. Carter, III (1984), "1,4 Butanediol, γ-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol: Relationships and interactions", Neuropharmacology 59 (23): 109–13, doi:10.1016/0028-3908(84)90226-0, PMID 6717752 .
- ^ USA v Washam (2002) 312 F.3d 926, 930; http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F3/312/926/608696/
- ^ http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/14b/14b_law1.shtml
- ^ Wang, Linda (9 November 2007), "Industrial Chemical Sullies Popular Children's Toy", Chemical & Engineering News, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/85/i46/8546news11.html, retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ "US mother says her son began to stumble and vomit after eating Chinese-made toy, now recalled", Boston Herald (Associated Press), 8 November 2007, http://news.bostonherald.com/news/national/general/view.bg?articleid=1043462&srvc=next_article .
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 1104
- SIDS Initial Assessment Report for 1,4-Butanediol from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank entry for 1,4-Butanediol
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Categories:
|
)
I ve heard many people have been scammed while attempting to buy GBL online recently. So I ve decided to suggest some reputable online shops and make you more ...
buy-gbl.com
www.youtube.com
Sun, 06 Feb 2011 06:53:55 PST
TCEA 2011 Google Sites Classroom Collaboration Presentation Video--Adding Videos and Pictures to Your Site ... Google Sites Classroom ...